Why Illegal Immigration is Messing Up the United States Research Paper

Why Illegal Immigration is Messing Up the United States - Research Paper Example The country has in place very stringent laws governing the movement of persons through its borders. Those relocating to the country meet specified standards and certification by the authorities of the country to do so. However, there are those hell bent on resettling in the United States and would do anything to. They thus look for unwarranted means of getting into the country without verification from the legal systems. Among the most common ways of getting into the country are hiding in the ships and freight vehicles that transport goods through the countries borders. Some of the illegal immigrants get into the country legal for short visits only to refuse to leave back for their native countries. Such people affect the country negatively in a number of ways. A stable economy caters for all those within its borders. However, some immigrants have bad intent. These people are not welcome in the country and are always deported whenever apprehended. To avert deportation, they do not th erefore seek services from the state facilities, which is practically impossible. This makes them a bother to those around them (Haines 78). The country has a number of health guidelines to be met by immigrants. Those coming into the United States undergo a number of tests and are only accorded citizenship after satisfying the testing officers. This keeps the country safe from the outbreak of such communicable diseases as yellow fever, malaria, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among many others. However, the proliferation of the illegal immigrants goes against theses standards and end up in the country with different contagious diseases. This strains the government’s resources in trying to contain the spread of some of the diseases that it had previously eradicated. As explained above, illegal immigrants are not welcome in the United States of America; they cannot ever find employment in any government and private organization since they do not have any identification documen ts. Among the immigration laws is the requirement of all immigrants to possess at least some level of formal education in their native countries. This regulation makes it easier for such people to get employment or further their education once in the country. However, the illegal immigrants flaunt all these rules thereby making it hard for them to secure employment once in the country. To get a source of livelihood, these immigrants engage in illicit trades such prostitution, drug peddling, and robbery. This leaves the country’s security in a fix since they cannot easily apprehend the culprits as they are not even in the country’s databases. Trade on drugs is a menace in the country accounting for the rise of crime in a mummer of cities. Drug barons use similar entry mechanisms used by illegal immigrants to get their drugs into the country. Furthermore, most of those used by the drug peddlers to foster their illegal trade are the illegal immigrants who are in most case s stranded and without jobs. They thus do anything to get a living; the most common of which is drug peddling. Drug is a menace in America. Addiction results in the incapacitation of American population who could have otherwise worked to earn descent livelihoods for their families. This negatively affects the economy of the country through loss of person-hours and capital as addicts are admitted into rehabilitation schools for the correctional therapies (Levy 132). Illegal entry of persons into the country leads to the rise of corruption which is a vice that affects the integrity of security personnel. Some of the illegal immigrants bribe their way into obtaining legitimate identification papers in the country. Some of these could be

A guide for the works of the prophets Essay Example for Free

A guide for the works of the prophets Essay The prophet Amos is listed in Scripture as one of the twelve minor prophetical messengers (James Gray, 2007). Among the other minor prophets were the prophets Joel, Hosea, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Micah, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi (Torah). In the fourth chapter of the Book of Amos, verses 1-6, the prophet delivers a message of destruction that will come from God (Christ Notes, 2008). The first few verses of the Book described the character of Gods instrument, a shepherd from the southern kingdom of Israel (Gray, 2007). Prophets are mainly messengers of the Lord, as they are entrusted to deliver a message from the Lord (David Noel Freedman, 2008). God delivers his message to the prophets in visiosn or by means of dreams (Freedman, 2008). But in the exceptional cases such as Moses, God spoke to him â€Å"face-to-face† (Freedman, 2008). God calls the prophets to carry out the delivery of His message, or a â€Å"commission† (Freedman, 2008). God initiates the call of the messenger, usually with dreams or visions or a supernatural event, as in the cases of Isaiah and Ezekiel (Freedman, 2008). The messages of the minor prophets that they delivered in Gods Name were basically one in nature, and that was God will bring the nations to account for their conduct (Torah). Amos message was focused on the Ten Tribes of Israel (Torah). The Israelites were reveling in their new found wealth, with an insatiable desire for more (Christ Notes, 2008). This can be deduced upon reading the Eighth chapter of Amos, verses 4-6 (Christ Notes, 2008). Amos message of the inevitable destruction and captivity upon the people of Israel, went largely unnoticed (Got Questions, 2008). References Christ Notes. (2008). Amos- King James version. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. christnotes. org/bible. php? q=Amos+8ver=kjv Freedman, D. (2008). Biblical prophets. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. lightplanet. com/mormons/basic/bible/prophets_eom. htm Got Questions. (n. d. ). Book of Amos. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. gotquestions. org/Book-of-Amos. html Gray, J. M. (2007). Book of Amos. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://mb-soft. com/believe/txs/amos. htm Torah. (n. d. ). The twelve prophets. Retreived August 13, 2008, from http://www. torah. org/learning/basics/primer/torah/12minor. html#amos

Comparing Story Openings of Bleak House by Charles Dickens to The Outsi

At the opening of the story 'The Outsider', the writer Albert Camus places time in the wrong order. This creates the impression that we are seeing into the character's thoughts rather than a story being told to us. It works very effectively as the paragraphs are spontaneous and not in any form of order, thus creating a mental picture in our heads of one or two day?s worth of events, as if we were remembering them ourselves. This, however, does not apply to Bleak house. Dickens does not use any form of time, but instead decides to describe what is happening and makes the days, time, week or month irrelevant. It could be any day, but Dickens does not want time to be the focal point of his story. This is effective because our interest is drawn to the descriptions and happenings of the city. Surprisingly, both story start with short, improperly composed sentences, most of the time with little or no verbs. This works differently for each story. In ?The Outsider?, the short, blunt sentences arouse interest that forces you to continue reading, this is because the ?thoughts? of the character are rather cold and blunt about a situation that should be upsetting, for example ?Mother died today. Or, maybe, yesterday?, as the opening paragraph. The punctuation break up the sentence into emphasized words. Camus directs us to feel slightly disturbed by his descriptions of the events taken place and puts us in the position of psychologist, eager to hear what comes next, but wary of it also. In ?Bleak House? the short, improper sentences create a very descriptive picture of a cold, dark city, the blunt words mimicking the blunt feelings and people in the city. This is very effective as he uses the same words over again to emphasize the poin... ...he Chancellor and Chancery both being the cause and the centre of the fog, paralleling the weather with the situation. Fog is not a good thing in the court of Chancery and the narrator describes the Chancery as having a dark and unclear vision. They are not good at their jobs and the narrator calls the old Chancellor as being ?leaden-headed? or ?stupid? to emphasizing his views on that particular character. Both story openings, although composed differently, draw the reader in. Both author?s, Albert Camus and Charles Dickens, use a variety of techniques, which are all very effective when the author uses them to his will. Either way we get a clear and pointed view of the spot-lit aspects that the author wants us to focus on, and maybe sometime miss the subtle, important information between the lines that are not the centre of attention at that moment in the story.

Summary Of Kidnapped :: essays research papers

Kidnapped, by Robert Louis Stevenson has a genre that classifies as historical fiction. I selected this book because the setting takes place during the 1750's, which is a perfect time for history. At that year many historic events occurred that have been written down in books today. Such as, 'The French and Indian War.'; Since the setting is in Scotland, the way the writing in the book is is quite hard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting not only takes place in Scotland, but also through a voyage in a boat, as well as on islands. The year is 1751, in those days many people traveled by sea. Which is a major transportation use within this book. The setting is important to the plot, because most of the actions that ensue are either not possible today, or are unlikely to happen. For example, when David and Alan are being attacked, they must go through a system of charging their gun. That takes a long time. Today the guns are automatic; which enhances the speed of reloading by far. Today it would be extremely unlikely to see a person using the same sort of gun as they used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  David Balfour, a poor Scotsman who lived all his life in a place called Essendean. He has never been out of there. Having both his parents die was truly a tragedy. Only now has the minister of the town (Mr. Campbell, who was friends with David's father) told David that his father left him a will. The will stated, 'To the hands of Ebenezer Balfour, Esq., of Shaws, in his house of Shaws, these will e delivered by my son, David Balfour.'; David was to travel to another town, and seek a place called 'The House Of Shaws.'; David then finds out that the man living in the gruesome house (where he thought was a palace before he laid his eyes on it) was actually his uncle. His name was Ebenezer, and one of the odd things about him is that he didn't allow candles or lanterns in the house. Therefore it was hard to see at night. At first he didn't trust David at all, he would never leave him alone in the house for one second. David and Ebenezer both left to an inn near the do cks. There, David was to see a lawyer so he may get the inheritance. As for Ebenezer he had an appointment with a captain of a ship called Mr.

Report on customer preference Essay

History of company Nascafe The beginnings of Nescafe can be traced all the way back to 1930, when the Brazilian government, first approached Nestlà ©. The agency, Brazilian Coffee Institute seeks Nestle to preserve the huge coffee surpluses, by develop coffee that was soluble in hot water. Coffee guru, Max Mergenthaler, and his team set out immediately to find a way of producing a quality cup of coffee that could be made simply by adding water, yet would retain the coffee’s natural flavor. After seven long years of research in Nestle Swiss laboratories, they found the answer. The new product was named Nescafe – a combination of Nestlà © and cafà ©. Nestle introduced Nescafe, the first commercially successful soluble coffee, in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938. The company applied the technology at its Hayes factory, west London. Instant coffee processing was not a new idea; it was invented by a Japanese chemist in 1901 and had been marketed and sold by other companies without success. Nestle revolutionized the way instant coffee was made. Nestle developed a new process for dehydrating the concentrated coffee which vastly improved the quality. In entailed spraying a fine mist of the solution into a heated tower where the droplets turned to powder almost instantly. For the first half of the next decade, however, World War II hindered its success in Europe. Nescafe was soon exported to France, Great Britain and the USA. Its popularity grew rapidly through the rest of the decade. It was so popular that the entire production of its US plant was reserved for military use. By the 1950s, coffee had become the beverage of choice for teenagers, who were flocking to coffeehouses to hear the new rock ’n’ roll music. Over the years the company has kept the emphasis on innovation, introducing pure soluble coffee (1952) solely using roast coffee beans, freeze dried soluble coffee (1965) and coffee granules (1967). In 1994 Nestle invented the full aroma process, which improved the quality of instant coffee. Such innovations have made sure that Nescafe has remained the world’s leading coffee. It is also the third most valuable brand in the entire drinks sector. MISSION STATEMENT: To bring Nescafe to people around the globe, providing a Nescafe to satisfy every aspect of needs. Nescafe provides good test, aromatic smells of coffee to people, providing â€Å"1 Nescafe with 1 unique moment† so that everyone can enjoy. Wherever you are, you will be able to find Nescafe around, whether in shopping complexes, supermarkets/hypermarkets or even grocery stalls. GOALS/ ACHIEVEMENTS: Giving people the unique moments (comfort, relaxations) through Nescafe. Stress, pressures, working overtime has led the people to have at least a cup of Nescafe coffee to relax them, having chit-chat with friends/colleagues as well, to prevent from emotional influences. BRU Some moments in life are special and close to heart. Bru makes these moments with loved ones even more magical†¦ It is India’s largest coffee brand that offers a range of coffee products. Its rich aroma and unique blend makes every moment come alive. Ever since its inception, Bru has been on a constant Endeavour to bring better products and formats to the consumer with every passing year. With the launch of Cappuccino in 2007, Bru pioneered the launch of instant coffee premixes in India for the youth. Then in 2010, a premium filter coffee with a blend of 85% coffee and 15% chicory was introduced under the brand name BRU Select. In 2011, BRU Lite, a light-tasting coffee with classic Mocha flavor, was launched for people who avoid coffee because of its bitter taste. In the same year BRU Exotica was launched which is premium freeze dried coffee sourced from some of the world’s best coffee-producing regions like Colombia, Brazil and Kilimanjaro. With BRU Exotica, Bru brought in ‘the world’s finest coffee experience’ for the discerning Indian consumer. Later, in the same year, BRU Gold – a 100% pure granulated coffee with an uplifting aroma and superior taste – was launched. Bru’s specially selected and freshly roasted coffee beans offer a great cup of aromatic coffee to the consumers, which makes their moments of genuine warmth and happiness even more special. Bru also has opened cafes in Mumbai under the name BRU World Cafe with world coffee experiences to be enjoyed out of home. KEY FACTS Number 1 Coffee brand in India Unilever’s only Coffee brand Enjoys a rich heritage, came into existence in 1962 under the brand name Deluxe Green Label Consistently offering better and newer products to the consumer through improved packaging solutions and innovative product formats Enjoys a strong presence at various out of home locations MISSION To earn the loyalty of customers and grew the business by developing and marketing coffee products that are leaders in quality and customer enthusiasm. VISION We envision Bru to become the coffee supplier of excellence to its customers throughout the region, by consistently delivering exciting products, sensation and experiences to an increasing number of admirers SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY SCOPE: Generally scope can be considered among two parts: 1) Regional Scope 2) Functional Scope Here our regional scope is limited up to Gandhinagar (Sector 23) OBJECTIVES: There are mainly two types of objectives: 1) Primary Objective :- To analyze the customers preference with respect to (Nescafe and Bru coffee) 2) Secondary Objectives :- To know customers suggestions and recommendation about (Nescafe and Bru coffee) To Study the Consumer Perception about the taste and availability of product. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH: Research is done to gain some knowledge so it may aid in understanding the information gathered on specific topic. It is a scientific and systematic way of understanding information on specific and particular subjects. It is a scientific investigation to understand the cause and effect as well as the reasons through investigation. It is an academic activity. Research is a process in which the researcher wishes to find out the result for a given problem and thus the solution helps in future course of action. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION PRIMARY DATA SOURCE: The primary data means the data gathering for first time for the problem solution directly from the sample or population as per the requirement. Interviews Questionnaires Observation SECONDARY DATA SOURCE: The secondary data consists of information that has been already exists somewhere and has been collected for some specific purpose. Books Website Journal Annual Report For this research, we used Primary data (Questionnaires) as well as secondary data (Books, Website) RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Questionnaire- Face –to –face Close ended Open ended SAMPLE SIZE: Sample Size is taken 50 out of which 8 questionnaires had been rejected due to different choice of respondent as per our research. DATA ANALYSIS Q1. What do you prefer? Particular Respondents Coffee 18 Tea 8 Both 24 TOTAL 50 Q2. How many times in a day would you prefer it? Particular Respondents One time 20 2 times 16 More than 2 times 6 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = Major of the sample size use to have coffee one time in a day. Q3.How many members of your family prefer to have coffee? Particular Respondents 1 10 2 3 3 20 All 9 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = From the example size we find that 50% of the family members using coffee. Q4. Which coffee brand do you prefer? Particular Respondents Nescafe 35 Bru 5 Other 2 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = Majority of choice about coffee is given to Nescafe. Q5. From where did u see our product? Particular Respondents Advertisement 12 Own experience 22 Reference 18 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = Majority of people are choice Nescafe from their own experience. Q6.Are you satisfied with your product and advertisement? Particular Respondents Yes 35 No 7 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = 75% people of our survey are satisfied with the product and its advertisement. Particular Respondents Yes 30 No 12 TOTAL 42 Q7.Where you influenced by the brand ambassador of our product and started drinking it? Q8. How frequently do you buy it? Particular Respondents Every week 17 15 days 20 1 month 5 TOTAL 42 INTERPRETATION = The area which we have survey we found that 20 out of 50 are buying coffee in 15 days. Particular Respondents At home 20 In cafà © 10 Roadside 12 TOTAL 42 Q9.Where do you prefer drinking it? INTERPRETATION = Most of the people are prefer to drink coffee at home. Particular Respondents Caffeinated 6 De- Caffeinated 36 TOTAL 42 Q10. Which one does u prefer? INTERPRETATION = Most of to people love to drink de-caffeinated coffee. NESCAFEE BRU HS S DS NEU HS S DS NEU price 5 20 17 8 2 2 1 1 taste 5 10 7 3 1 2 1 1 quality 10 13 10 6 3 2 3 2 quantity 15 1 8 7 3 3 1 1 healthiness 10 1 10 9 1 1 2 2 Q11. Why do u prefer specific brand, rank it on the following basis: INTERPRETATION = The reason to chose Nescafe is on following basis Price – customers are satisfied with the price of product Taste – Customers like much better test of Nescafe then Bru any other brand. Qualities – Customers are satisfied with the quality of Nescafe and they are neutral at quality. Healthiness – Preference to healthiness is satisfying to the customer. RESEARCH FINDINGS On the basis of that research we find that in case of coffee people are much influenced by taste rather than Advertisements and other things. If the Buying decision of consumer is rated – 1st preference will go to Taste, 2nd will go to Availability, 3rd preference will go to schemes, 4th preference will go to likeness, and 5th preferences will go to Advertisement. LIMITATIONS OF REPORT We put our whole heart on this project. But still are certain limitations while doing the research work. Some of the limitations are as follows. As we did our project in limited area of our residents, so it becomes difficult to conduct survey. We take only 50 respondents it is too small for find out the consumer perception. There might have been tendencies among the respondents to amplifying or filter their responses under the testing. In some cases, the respondent was not giving us the proper reply. He/she might think that this is only wastage of time or this might create some problem etc. And as a result he/she has given some fake answers and fills the questionnaire very casually. CONCLUSION Coffee is a major export commodity in developing country like India liberalization of coffee market has given rise to competition and to survive in this competitive market newer and newer strategies are need to be formed to take the advantage of opportunities arising in this market. In Indian market there is a huge sector who using the Nescafe compare to Bru and other. On the basis of price, taste, quality, quantity, healthiness. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNET: www.nescafe.com www.brucoffee.com www.google.com www.wikipidia.com BOOKS: Magazines Research Methodology by C.R Kothari QUESTIONNAIRE Respected Sir/Madam We are MBA student of SKPIMCS. As of the course of our curriculum, we are doing the market research. Therefore, I need your valuable view for the question given below. I will be highly grateful to you. Q1. What do you prefer? Coffee Tea Both Q2. How many times in a day would you prefer it? One time 2 times More than 2 times Q3.How many members of your family prefer to have coffee? 1 2 3 All Q4. Which coffee brand do you prefer? Nescafe Bru Others Q5. From where did u see our product? Advertisement Own experience Reference Q6.Are you satisfied with your product and advertisement? Yes No Q7.Where you influenced by the brand ambassador of our product and started drinking it? Yes No Q8. How frequently do you buy it? Every week 15 days 1 month Q9.Where do you prefer drinking it? At home In cafà © Roadside Q10. Which one does u prefer? Caffeinated De-caffeinated Q11. Why do u prefer specific brand, rank it on the following basis: Nescafe Bru Others HS S D.S Neutral H.S. S D.S Neutral H.S. S D.S Neutral Price Taste Quality Quantity Healthiness

In what ways do Leaders create organizational culture The WritePass Journal

In what ways do Leaders create organizational culture Introduction In what ways do Leaders create organizational culture IntroductionWhat is leadership? Who is a leader?Leader; as a patternLeaders ruling organizational cultureMaking and interpreting strategyChanging performanceCulture creates leader, a challengeOther factors are actorsConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction In area of Management and leadership, one of the most crucial and effective factors that determine the performance of an organization in public sector is the organizational culture. Organizational culture has been studied extensively for the past 30 or more years (Schein E. H., 1985). Lots of books have been written and much research has been done about it, and also wide range of words applied to describe this notion. Although much different definitions have been presented on this keyword, most of them place their emphasis on common key aspects of this word. I have gathered three comprehensive definitions in table below: Definitions of organizational culture   The pattern of shared beliefs and values that give members of an institution meaning and provide them with the rules for behaviour in their organizations. (Davis, 1984, p. 1).   The set of important understandings (often unstated) that members of a community share in common. (Sathe, 1985, p. 6)   A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people. The meanings are largely tacit among the members, are clearly relevant to a particular group and are distinctive to the group (Louis, 1985, p. 74) According to these definitions, I can extract two main features of organizational culture as first shared meanings and values among members and second introducing clear rules and behaviours in organization. Although, some argues that culture cannot be managed (Rabin, T Wachhaus. A, 2008, p. 1) , a correlation between culture and leadership has been identified   (Frontiera, 2010). Schein announced this fact in his famous book-Organizational culture and leadership (2004): â€Å"Culture is a dynamic phenomenon that surrounds us at all times, being constantly enacted and created by our reactions with others and shaped by leadership behaviour.† So, attentions have been paid to culture aiming to manage and improve the performance through it. Leaders as persons who have crucial role in improving performance found it vital in organizational discourse. Schein introduced the relation between leadership and culture by the term â€Å"intertwined†. (1992) .While culture can be affected by various factors, Senge pointed out that leaders have the most much influence on organizational culture (2002, p. 24) : â€Å"Building an organization s culture and shaping its evolution is the unique and essential function of leadership† In this paper the focus is on the influence of leadership on organizational culture to examine to what extent the view that leaders create organizational culture is true. The approach that has been applied in this paper is studying the ways and channels through which leader creates and affects the culture of organization. Also, the other factors that create culture have been studied and the effects of culture on leadership have been analyzed.  Ã‚   But before the start of this study, clearing the concept of leadership is required. What is leadership? Who is a leader? The controversial concept of leadership has been defined in various ways. Some stated that it as a process, for instance Northouse believe that it is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. (2007, p. 3). Also, Stogdill analyzed it as influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (1974). By these two types of definitions,   leader   can be known as a person who makes decisions, sets directions, makes things happen and often He is recognisable at the top of organization. In term of person, leader is a person who carries out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. (Jago, 1982) Hence leader is placed at top of organization and clarifies strategies and directions, has most effects on the culture of organizations. In following next part I examine some ways by which leader affects organizational culture. Leader; as a pattern If in an organization the leadership and the behaviours of leader become an ideal pattern for followers, a stream of organizational deportment would flow from top (leader) to down (followers). This case can happen mostly in transformational type of leadership in which leader has charismatic features. (Harms, p Crede, M, 2010). Bass and Avolio described transformational leader as able to motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often more than they thought possible.(1993). As the organizational culture in an aspect is made of staffs behaviours and manners, charismatic leader cultivates a particular method of comportment. Culture of an organization constituted from different components; competitiveness, social responsibility, innovation, stability, performance orientation, and supportiveness. So, the manner of leader can affect every area of organizational culture and this top-down influence can lead to affirmative or mortal outcomes in performance.   (Sarros, J. Gray, J and Densten, I, 2002)   By way of illustration, this can be studied in realm of Innovation and change. Fishman and Kavanaugh claimed that the culture of an organization and how people respond to change and innovation is shaped substantially by the behaviours of the leader.   (1989) Smith revealed that leader s behaviours can be followed by employees. Leaders are the role models and when they walk the talk long enough, fairly soon these values become standard procedure. (2010). Leaders are lent very crucial and decisive position by which they influence the culture of organization through leading motivation, attendance and attitude of followers in organizational operation. This can be found in Amabile suggestion (1998): â€Å"By influencing the nature of the work environment and organizational culture, leaders can affect organizational members’ attitude to work related change and motivation.† Leaders ruling organizational culture Leaders externalize their own assumptions and embed them into structures, mission, goals and working procedures gradually and consistently (Schein E. H., 2004, p. 406). In one hand, a leader make decisions and determine rules, and in the other hand organizational culture is described as a set of structures, routines, rules and norms that guide the constrain behaviour (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004). So, leadership manipulates organizational culture through ruling in organization. Dull reflected this fact in the other way (2010): â€Å"Public sector leaders attempt to cultivate organizational culture as a means of controlling administrative behaviour and building organizational competence, defined as the skill and capacity to accomplish necessary tasks† Here the culture described as a tool applied to improve procedures to facilitate achieving goal. This case can be examined when leader feels sure about a needful innovation in organization. For promoting change, beside other factors, leader has to provide a firm ground for implementing innovation. As Armenakis et al. claimed leaders can modify formal structures, procedures, and human resource management practices. (1999) So, it is leader who initiates change and clarifies orientation of organization; he arrives to alter proceeds for reaching ends. In reality, changing culture is defined as changing procedures. Making and interpreting strategy Stewart declared that the strategy of an organization gives it identity based on its functions, Also it clarifies what an organization is and what it is doing. (2004) Strategy can form culture of an organization through highlighting tasks, directions, positions and behaviours. Fernandez and Rainey interpreted strategy as a course of action for implementing changes (2006) . Also, the change management strategy or approach selected by leaders will result in shifts in organizational culture. (Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N, 2006) By understanding the importance of strategy and its relation with culture, leader enters in this relation and influence culture in two ways; first standing between strategy and culture, second use the strategy as a tool for modifying culture. Despite strategy plays a crucial role in organization, this is the role of leader to translate it into a course of action. Goldsmith explains to CEO (chief executive officer) how leaders are needed to communicate and execute an organization s strategy. (2009) â€Å"When leaders and their executive teams take an active role in implementing strategies, this is a commitment to ensure the ideas or strategies become part of the organisation. Insightful leaders realise that for strategies to be successfully integrated into their organisations, they must align, measure, market and package the strategy to their business, customers and investment community as they would with any marketing campaign.† While strategy introduces direction of an organization, it is just on the paper. The best-planned strategy is no more than wishful thinking if it can t be translated from concept to reality (Hsieh, T and Yik, S, 2005) .Here it is leader who translates it from   language of paper   to   a course of action . Robin Speculand has studied the decisive role of leadership and placed his special emphasis on leaders in success and failure of implementing strategies (2009). So, leader as a median interprets strategy into organization procedure, role, and belief. This action forms the culture; in this area culture is sum of tasks, behaviours, and procedures that are defined by strategy. In this process leader injects strategy into the body of organization. In reality, leader makes strategy feasible, and at the same time forms culture. But it is not whole the story about relation of strategy and culture. Leader alters climate of organization by applying strategy as a tool too. In other words, leader can stand at the top and place strategy between him and culture. Actually, leader applies strategy as a means to influence organizational culture. This can be deducted from the role of leader in designing strategies, Where Abramson and Lawrence claimed (2001): â€Å"Managerial leaders must develop a course of action or strategy for implementing change. Convincing the members of an organization of the need for change is obviously not enough to bring about actual change. The new idea or vision must be transformed into a course of action or strategy with goals and a plan for achieving it† Changing performance The performance of an organization is effective factor through which leader influence the culture. Performance defined as the accomplishments of an agency, program, or employee relative to stated goals and objectives. (Technical Terms). This item is evaluated by measuring outputs and outcomes. Unfortunately, while most available research and studies devoted their focus on the effects of leadership and culture on the performance, there is a multilateral and at the same time mutual relation among leadership, culture and performance. In other words, they are interdependent (i.e. leadership and climate are subject to affect by the status of performance of organization). To understand this linkage a circle relation between leader, climate and performance should be studied. It can be understood from this circle that leader can affect culture through changing performance. In this network linkage leader affects culture and alter its elements through changing performance and informing employees about it. This influence occurs through the Feedback. Feedback typically consists of information provided to an individual for the purpose of an increase in performance (Kluger, A. N. Denisi, A., 1996). A variety of feedback forms exists, which are described by different aspects. One kind of feedback is outcome feedback in which information concerning performance outcomes. (Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., Suarez, Y, 1986) It seems positive and constructive, to inform employees about high performance and improvement of outcomes. Geister et al. concluded in their research that information and feedback about the team situation is crucial to improving the motivation, satisfaction, and performance of members in virtual teams. (2006) Leader affects the culture of organization indirectly through improving performance and diffusing information about it, an action which leads to a healthy, motivate and more evolutionary climate. If decisions and policies leader applied led to quality performance it can encourage atmosphere of hardworking, competition, integration and responsibility but in fragile situation and poor performance culture would collapse. Culture creates leader, a challenge While the impact of leader on culture is a considerable fact and has been studied and proved in many cases, some opinions challenged it. In an attempt to address this theoretical disagreement, Sarros et al. surveyed over 1,900 managers in Australia and found that leadership was a far more prominent predictor of culture than culture was of leadership. (2002) As it has been mentioned there are an interdependent relations among leadership, culture and performance, so it is a noticeable reality that leader is affected by culture too. Hatch claimed that it is difficult for leaders to have any impact on culture, as culture has a larger influence on leaders. (1993) Schein asserts that while leaders create culture in the early stages of an organization, culture creates leaders as an organization matures. He suggests that culture is deep, broad, and stable. It can be an unconscious determinant of who gets hired, who gets promoted and rewarded, and indeed, how the vision, mission, and strategy are lived. (2004) Culture of organization is a very decisive factor, so leader has to apply appropriate way of leading which does work in that climate. Smith, Wang and Leung have sought for a proper model of leadership in China by regarding effects of cultural backgrounds (1997). It reflects the crucial role of culture in determining leadership style. It seems imperfect and naà ¯f to study the relation of leader and climate unilaterally. The relation is mutual and should be studied in this way to achieve a perfect theory. Other factors are actors While leadership plays a core role in creating organizational culture, other factors affect climate and even can take it out of control of leader. Culture can be affected by different internal and external factors. As the culture has defined as meanings and behaviours of members, the organizational members are effective actors. Krizek views culture as patterns of meaning and interpretation- whether these patterns emerge among management or employees. So, before that leader can decide to create culture, it has been constituted by member s beliefs and thoughts. (2005) External forces may or may not influence the communicative and cultural makeup of an organization. (Cheney, 2001) Examples of external forces include, but are not limited to, economics, education, family, law, media, politics, religion, and technology. External environment and constraints have a considerable role in determining climate of organizations. As, leader has to make situation and organization ready to cope with external environment, any change in environment leads to change policies, behaviours and routines and finally innovates the culture. Schein pointed out that if the environmental context is changing such conflict can be a potential source of adaption and new learning. (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004, p. 108) Organizational culture is influenced by social and national culture of the area in which it is situated. National beliefs, stories, type of thinking and values affect the climate of organization. The type of function and business of organization conducts the elements of culture. (Schein E. H., 1992) In other words the mission of organization is a set of beliefs about its core competences (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004, p. 89) Conclusion In this paper the view that leaders create organizational culture has been examined critically. At the first the culture defined as a set of routines, behaviour, meanings and understandings that is shared among members of an organization. Leader defined as who make decision, determine directions and make things happen or not to happen. it has been proved that leaders have a noticeable role in creating organizational climate. The first way through which culture forms by leader is by the stream of meaning, behaviour and beliefs as an ideal method or pattern from top (leader) to down (employees). In this statement employees are assumed as followers who are affected by the nature of leader. As a short explanation, Leadership consists of attributes and skills that determine not only the nature of enterprise, in all its manifestations, but the overall nature of society and the world (Sarros, J. Gray, J. Densten, I, 2002). In this way leaders are charismatic persons by whom followers’ behaviours consciously or unconsciously are affecting. The second conduit for influencing culture is ruling. Here, leader is top ruler in organization who directs routines, structures and procedures. It has been assumed that by doing these affairs in reality leader is manipulating culture or changing its elements. In this statement changing culture described as changing procedures and formal administrative process. In third way the focus has been put on strategy. Strategy is the manifestation of mission, directions, tasks and rules and has a strong correlation with culture. It has been expressed that leader can affect strategy in two ways. First way is attempt to codify and provide it. In this state leader inject beliefs and preference into strategy and determine culture through it as a tool. The second channel is to standing between strategy and culture in order to interpret and implement it in preferred way. The last area which has been studied is performance. It assumed that leader plays remarkable role in changing performance and the status of outcomes of organization affect the culture directly. The impact of high performance in healthy culture and poor one in weak climate mentioned in this area. These four ways illustrate the crucial role of leadership in creating culture. But in last two sections these role has been challenged in two statements. First is that while leader creates culture, culture can create leader too. As mentioned, culture is stable and has elements that determine which style of leadership is required and who can be the organizational leader. In addition, some factors like external environment, employees’ beliefs, business of organization, and national culture introduced as factors which affect organizational culture. In conclusion, it should be claimed that the effects of leadership in shaping culture is noticeable and can be realized by studying it through different ways. But the more crucial point is that the effect is not directly except in first way in which leader becomes a pattern for followers. In all conditions leader can apply some policies by which affects culture. Employees play decisive role in changing climate, and leaders don’t change culture, they merely invite their people to change the culture (Hillis).   So, leader is not the exclusive actor in influencing culture. Other factors should be studied so that an effective innovation and successful change in culture can be achieved. Another point is that while leader creates culture, culture influence leader and style of leadership. As, Schein assumes leadership and culture as two sides of one coin, cultural norms define how a given nation or organization will define leadership. (2004) Consequently, while the role of leadership is considerable in creating culture it is not comprehensive and precise to analyze it without regarding other factors and mutual effects in organization. Bibliography Abramson, A Lawrence, P. (2001). Th e Challenge of Transforming Organizations:Lessons Learned about Revitalizing Organizations. In A. . Abramson, Transforming Organizations (pp. 1-10). Lanham: MD: Rowman Littlefi eld. Amabile, T. M. (1998). How to Kill Creativity. Harvard Business Review , 76 (5), 76-87. Armenakis. Achilles, A . Stanley, G. Harris Hubert. (1999). Handbook of Organizational Behaviour. New york: Marcel Dekker. Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., Suarez, Y. (1986). A Critical, Objective Review of Performance Feedback. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 65-89. Bass, B.M. Avolio, B.J. (1993). Transformational Leadership and the Organizational Culture. Public Administration Quarterly , 112-122. Cheney, G. . (2001). Organizational Identity: Linkages Between Internal and External Communication. In F. M. Jablin, The New Handbook of Organizational Communication: Advances in Theory, Research and Methods (pp. 231-269). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage. Davis, S. (1984). Managing Corporate Culture. Cambridge: MA: Ballinger. Dull, M. (2010). Leadership and Organizational Culture: Sustaining Dialogue between Practitioners and Scholars. Public Administration Review , 70 (6), 857-866. Fernandez, s and Rainey, H. (2006). Managing Successful Organizational, Change in the Public Sector. Public Adminisration Review , 168-176. Fishman, N Kavanaugh, L. (1989). Searching for Your Missing Quality Link. Journal of Quality and Participation (12), 28-32. Frontiera, J. (2010). Leadership and Organizational Culture, Transformation in Professional Sport. Journal of Leadership organizational leadership , 71-86. Geister, S. Konradt, U. and Hertel, H. (2006). Effects of Process Feedback on Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance in Virtual Teams. Small Group Research , 459-489. Goldsmith, D. (2009, May 15). A Leaders Role in Innovative Strategy Execution. Retrieved March 2011, 2010, from CEO(Chief Executive Officer): the-chiefexecutive.com/features/feature54710/ Harms, p Crede, M. (2010). Journal of Leadership and organizational Studies , 15 (1), 1-15. Hatch, M. (1993). The Dynamics of Organizational Culture. Academy of Management Review , 657-693. Hillis, L. (n.d.). Department of Leadership. Retrieved March 11, 2011, from The Banff Center: banffcentre.ca/departments/leadership/library/pdf/culture_28-29.pdf Hsieh, T and Yik, S. (2005, February). Leadership as the Starting Point of Strategy. Retrieved March 14, 2011, from McKinsey Quarterly: https://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Leadership_as_the_starting_point_of_strategy_1560 Jago, A. G. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science , 28 (3), 315-336. Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N. (2006). The Impact of Leadership and Change Management Strategy on Organizational Culture and Individual Acceptance of Change during a Merger. British Journal of Management , 81-103. Kluger, A. N. Denisi, A. (1996). The Effects of Feedback Interventions on Performance; A Historical Review, a Meta-Analysis, and a Preliminary Feedback Intervention Theory. Psychological Bulletin , 254-284. Kotter, J. Heskett, J. (1992). Corporate Culture and Performance. New york: Free press. Krizek, R. (2005). A Meaning-Centered Approach to Consulting: Contributing as an Engaged Communication Scholar. In J. .-Z. Simpson, Engaging Communication, Transforming Organizations: Scholarship of Engagement in Action (pp. 127-146). Cresskill: NJ: Hampton Press. Louis, M. (1985). An Investigators Guide to Workplace Culture. Beverly Hills: CA: sage. Northouse, G. (2007). Leadership Theory and Practice. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Rabin, T Wachhaus. A. (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy. CRC Press. Sarros, J. Gray, J and Densten, I. (2002). Leadership and Its Impact on Organizational Culture. International Journal of Business Studies , 1-26. Sarros, J. Gray, J. Densten, I. (2002). Leadership and its Impact on Organizational Culture. International Journal of Business Studies , 1-26. Sathe, V. (1985). Culture and Related Corporated Realities: Text, Cases, and Reading on Organizational Entry, Establishment, and Change. Homewood: IL: Irwin. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership; a Dynamic View. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Senge, P. (2002). The Leader’s Now Work: Building Learning Organizations. In D. .. Morey, Knowledge Management: Classic and Contemporary Works (pp. 19-52). Massachusetts: MIT Press. Smith, J. (2010, November 1). Face of Quality: Leading the Quality Culture. Retrieved March 11, 2011, from Quality Magazine: qualitymag.com/Articles/Column/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000928974 Smith, P . Wang, Z Leung, K. (1997). 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Free Essays on The Benefits Of Walking

Walking and its benefits Every channel you turn to, every magazine you flip through, and every sports store you go to, shows the concept of exercising. Most people think of exercise as too much work. They make excuses like I don’t have enough time, or I’ll do it later. The purpose of this speech is to persuade my listeners to get out their walking shoes and start reaping the benefits of a healthy life and start walking. First we will discover how walking benefits our bodies, second uncover how easy it is to incorporate walking in to our daily lives, and third reveal the only equipment that one needs to take the first step putting one foot in front of the other. For many of us we are always finding ways to get out of exercising. Either we are too busy or we are putting it off until we have more time, but actually we never get the time to exercise and we just see ourselves jumping from a size 6 to a size 12. Well I have help for you. We were all born with 2 arms and 2 legs, so lets put those legs to the use they were intended. Walking is one of the easiest forms of exercise and provides many health benefits. In fact according to an article by Chris Fenn, recent research shows that high-energy workouts combined with a strict diet are not an effective, long term, route to weight loss and fitness. They key to losing a few pounds and staying fit is to eat less and incorporating more moderate exercise such as walking into daily routines. Along with being a daily part of our lives walking is shown to be a catalyst for connecting people with many other aspects of health such as healthy eating, smoking cessation and relaxation. According to www.countryside.gov, people who are fitter have a greater chance of living longer. Research has shown that people who walk approximately 20-25 miles a week outlive those who don’t walk by several years. In addition, every minute of walking can extend you life by 1.5 to 2 minutes acc... Free Essays on The Benefits Of Walking Free Essays on The Benefits Of Walking Walking and its benefits Every channel you turn to, every magazine you flip through, and every sports store you go to, shows the concept of exercising. Most people think of exercise as too much work. They make excuses like I don’t have enough time, or I’ll do it later. The purpose of this speech is to persuade my listeners to get out their walking shoes and start reaping the benefits of a healthy life and start walking. First we will discover how walking benefits our bodies, second uncover how easy it is to incorporate walking in to our daily lives, and third reveal the only equipment that one needs to take the first step putting one foot in front of the other. For many of us we are always finding ways to get out of exercising. Either we are too busy or we are putting it off until we have more time, but actually we never get the time to exercise and we just see ourselves jumping from a size 6 to a size 12. Well I have help for you. We were all born with 2 arms and 2 legs, so lets put those legs to the use they were intended. Walking is one of the easiest forms of exercise and provides many health benefits. In fact according to an article by Chris Fenn, recent research shows that high-energy workouts combined with a strict diet are not an effective, long term, route to weight loss and fitness. They key to losing a few pounds and staying fit is to eat less and incorporating more moderate exercise such as walking into daily routines. Along with being a daily part of our lives walking is shown to be a catalyst for connecting people with many other aspects of health such as healthy eating, smoking cessation and relaxation. According to www.countryside.gov, people who are fitter have a greater chance of living longer. Research has shown that people who walk approximately 20-25 miles a week outlive those who don’t walk by several years. In addition, every minute of walking can extend you life by 1.5 to 2 minutes acc...

Shopping Words and Phrases in Spanish

Shopping Words and Phrases in Spanish For many travelers, shopping is one of the most anticipated activities. If you are visiting a Spanish-speaking area and want to shop, whether that means buying souvenirs or going grocery shopping for the day, this list of words and phrases along with a basic knowledge of grammar and everyday vocabulary should make the task easier. General Shopping Terms and Phrases Consider learning basic terms to understand the type of stores you will be shopping at, including their location and hours. These key phrases will help you talk to a  store manager, such as asking them what you want to try on or where the cash register is. Abierto a las 10 - Open at 10 ¿Hay ...?  - Are there ...? Do you have ...?La  caja; el  cajero, la  cajera  - Cash register or place where payments are made; cashierGracias, muchas gracias, mil gracias  - Thank you, thank you very muchNo lo  quiero. No  los  quiero. No la  quiero. No las quiero.  - I dont want it. (Lo  and  los  are used to refer to things with a masculine name,  la  and  las  for things with a feminine name.)Quiero ...,  por  favor.  - I want ..., please.Quisiera  probarlo,  por  favor.  - I would like to try it (on), please.Quisiera ...,  por  favor.  - I would like ..., please.Voy a pensarlo.  - Ill think about it.Por favor  - PleaseSà ³lo querà ­a mirar.  - Im only looking.Vuelvo pronto. Vuelvo ms tarde.  - Ill  come back  soon. Ill come back later. Words and Phrases for Understanding Cost and Value One of the most important parts of shopping is budgeting. Knowing the value of what you are buying is a must when dealing with exchange rates, foreign currency and a new language. Use the following terms to calculate costs. Barato  - CheapCaro,  cara  - ExpensiveComprar  - To buy ¿Cul es el cambio? - What is the exchange rate? ¿Cunto cuesta?  ¿Cunto  cuestan? - How much does it cost? How much do they cost? ¿Cunto vale?  ¿Cunto valen? - How much is it worth? How much are they worth? ¿Cuntos dà ³lares?  ¿Cuntos pesos?  ¿Cuntos euros? - How much (in dollars)? How much (in pesos)? How much (in euros)? ¿Dà ³nde puedo comprar ...? - Where can I buy ...?Descuento  - DiscountEn  oferta,  en  oferta  especial  - On saleRebaja  - Price reductionDe  rebajas  - On sale, at a discountEn venta, a la venta  - For sale, on saleTarjeta de crà ©dito;  ¿Se aceptan tarjetas de crà ©dito?  - Credit card; Are credit cards accepted?Vender, vendedor  - To sell, seller How to Describe the Items You Are Looking for Looking for something specific? Ask an assistant if they have what you are looking for in a specific size, color or material. The more descriptive, the more they will be able to help you.  ¿Hay ... en  otros  colores?  ¿Hay ... en  otras  tallas?  - Do you have ... in other colors? Do you have ... in other sizes?De  buena  calidad  - Good qualityDe mala  calidad  - Poor qualityPequeà ±o, pequeà ±a  - SmallMediano,  mediana  - Medium (in size)Grande  - LargeSon muy bonitos. Son muy  bonitas.  - Theyre very pretty. (Bonitos  is used to refer to things with a masculine name,  bonitas  if the name is feminine.)

Healthcare reform efforts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthcare reform efforts - Coursework Example They and adopt ways that can easily be accessed, human labor have to be utilized for the benefits of the hospitals activities with customer waiting time to be reduced from the time of admission to the time of discharge. On the other hand, increase in patients waiting time results to the reduction of doctor’s productivity and more so the patients may not benefits fully. With the good and available skilled care, providers can reduce of nursing expense by the employing competent personnel that offer the best service. They can the introduction of software to regulate the number of nurses according to their work competence (David Sterret, 2014). Furthermore, the setup of standardize operation rooms not only with an adequate supply of lower rates of products but also with increase operation rooms to enhance the reduction of distribution cost since quantity discounts are to be offered. With the establishment of employer health insurance, both the employers and employees premiums results in the sharing of the costs and individuals in private health insurance have their cover on health (Juras, 2015). It thus helps to reduce any patients cost-sharing requirements both in private, public, employees, health care providers and finally with the consumers in order to contribute the required amount of the tax. With the insurers benefits from the essential health, various health benefits of ambulance services, hospitalization, maternity care together with the drugs supply to help the patients for the service required. With the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in control, it is believed that the consumers with established choices and plans to use hence reducing any expense down low best on their efforts. To add on, the excess cost of health care might bring issues like the decline of customer turnover to the business leading to the absence of job availability over years

The Risk of Osteoporosis Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Risk of Osteoporosis Disease - Essay Example Calcium is a crucial element for effective bone development. Inadequate intake of calcium during one’s early days and adolescence stage can impair the development of bones and lead to low bone mass during adulthood. Low calcium intake in adults can trigger Osteoporosis by hastening loss of bone mass. One can prevent the risk of Osteoporosis by ensuring regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, which contain minerals like potassium and vitamin C crucial for bone development. One can also consume non-fat milk and yoghurt, calcium supplements such as calcium carbonate to ensure the development of strong bones. Although the role of calcium in bone development is well-recognized, sufficient calcium intake alone is incapable of preventing Osteoporosis. Vitamin D also plays a crucial role for strong bone development. Vitamin D deficiency increases the chances of suffering from Osteoporosis. The metabolism of vitamin D increases the absorption of vitamin C and also reduces the los s of calcium through urine. Vitamin D is abundant from the sunlight and is synthesized when sun’s ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation strikes the skin (Smolin & Grosvenor, 2012, p.381-86). However, the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D decreases as one gets older. As such, one can supplement Vitamin D intake by eating fatty fish, fortified milk, orange juice and cereals. Inadequate Vitamin D intake would mean inadequate calcium absorption, thus weak bones.Sedentary lifestyle can be a license to osteoporosis.

Social Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Impact - Essay Example In this age of high and advanced technology, people have constantly come to interact with the media in every day of their lives (Farmer, 2001). People are now constantly being flooded with messages, thus the media has emerged as influential on the activities and thoughts of individuals and of the global society as a whole. Usually the message sent is in a variety of forms, including the currently popular short message service, and they are perpetuated by large corporations. Gender inequality: a social impact of new communication technologies Gender inequality is an important social impact that arises out of the use of new communication technology; it has regularly been observed that it increases with the increase in the latter. When one sex subordinates to then other one, then this is referred to as sexism, in most societies of the world female usually subordinate to the male. This not only leads to objectification of the females but also marginalization, as this happening, men incre ase their wealth, privilege, social power and opportunity. Advertisements on televisions and on the internet intensify the myth that the toys used by boys should be those that reflect power and authorities, girls’ toys are usually dolls only. ... There are several theories developed by communication and journalism experts to analyze such perspectives, the analysis of the media, and gender inequality as a social impact of new communication technologies and tools. People are always in continuous battle over power and resources, this is the conflict theory. This theory gives the implied explanation for this increasing and blatant societal bias that is heavily influenced by the media. It is often stated that publishing and broadcasting companies are under the control of a small bunch of individuals; these companies only help to perpetuate only their interests and a few other biased views. This theory points out that unlike men, women do not hold privileged or influential positions of power; this naturally follows that women would be portrayed as naturally weak to so that men increase their control over the society. Conflict theory is further augmented by materialist theory in explaining gender inequality as brought about by new t echnologies in communication (Mooney, 2011). The theory offers a compelling justification of the increasing gender inequality, by using cross cultural information on the exact position of the male and female genders. They define gender inequality as a consequent of the way the society views and holds men and women in an economic structure. These theories offer control and distribution of important resources as critical data in giving out stratification. The roles of the female members of the society is often looked down upon notwithstanding their importance to their society, these are often devalued. Conventional media has stereotypically painted

Rewrite Extended Research Report 4-3-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rewrite Extended Research Report 4-3-2 - Essay Example This paper is very important since it talks about a very important subject area of performance evaluation which can as well be implemented at the workplace. Performance evaluation is primarily concerned with measuring progress as well as effectiveness of the human resource which is very important for any organisation. Performance evaluation is also concerned with establishing good communication link between the management and employees. Basically, performance evaluation is meant to create mutual understanding among the members of an organisation in order to improve productivity as the ultimate goal. Performance evaluation is very significant for every organisation since it is meant to contribute positively to the growth and development of business through human efforts towards the attainment of set goals. It is imperative for organisations to ensure that their employees are highly motivated as a way of increasing productivity. Performance evaluation is helpful in that it allows each organisation to identify the areas that need attention and it also allows organisations to set goals that are achievable (Cfstaffing, 2007). Over and above, it can be noted that the main reason why organisations embark on performance evaluation is that they are primarily concerned with achieving set goals through the efforts of human resources. The process of performance evaluation is very important to every business in that priority is given to the needs of the employees who are the main drivers of any given organisation. Motivated workers are productive which positively contributes to the growth of business. Performance evaluations have become an indispensable part of business as a result of their effectiveness in increasing productivity (Abbey, 2007). I am feeling confident that I have a good start for my research report and I believe that I am organizing it in a nice

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Risk management - Essay Example The systemic risk governance requires unity between the countries and enclosure within the process of industry, government, academia and the civil society. Governance is defined as the processes, traditions, actions and institutions by which the authority exercises and takes decision which is then implemented (Aven & Vinnem, 2007). Risk Governance The term risk governance can be defined as the assessment, identification, management and communication of the risks in a board framework. It comprise of â€Å"actors, rules, conventions, processes and mechanisms and is concerned with how relevant risk information is collected, analyzed and communicated, and how management decisions are taken†. It uses the main beliefs of the good governance that includes effectiveness, transparency, efficiency, strategic focus, accountability, equity, sustainability and fairness. It deals with the rule of law and also need to chose the solution which will be legally and politically feasible along wi th publicly and ethically acceptable. Risk is always accompanied by changes. It is an important and permanent part of every life. The urge and the capacity to accept the challenge of the risk is very crucial for the achievement of the economic development and the introduction of the new technologies. Sometimes risk is accompanied by potential opportunities and benefits in the emerging technological sector (Graham & Rogers, 2002). Good risk governance aims at minimizing the following: 1) The unfair distribution of benefits and risk between the countries, social groups and the organisations. 2) By modifying the approaches for assessment and management of the same risk. 3) By emphasising extensive focus on the high profile risks it can be eliminated but the lower profile risk are also looked upon. 4) By managing the risk tradeoffs. 5) Failure in understanding the secondary effects and the linkages between the issues 6) The cost is reduced in case of inefficient regulations. 7) The deci sions that are taken for inappropriate account of the public perception. 8) Decisions are taken for not losing the trust of the public. Risk oversight function The main challenge of managing the risk lies in the benefit that the society will receive from change and by minimising the ill consequences of the risk which is associated with the change. (Confusing sentence, reframe) The main aim of the Board of Risk Governance of every company is to oversight the risk that the company is going to face or faced already confronted with. The main risk oversight functions are the following: 1) The boards are worried regarding the strategic long term risk: Over sighting risk is an important duty of the boards. The boards pay serious attention to many facets of the issues that includes a wide range of risks that the companies confront and the various enterprise risk management (ERM) systems. But the members underline the fact that it is crucial for the boards to concentrate on the risks which a ffects the strategy of the company, leveraging talent of the directors. It is also needed to help the senior management for identifying, analyzing and responding to those risks. The challenges that are posed to the very existence of a company are the big risk of the disruptive technologies and the new business models. The new business models which emerge suddenly pose threat to the existence of the

Rewrite Extended Research Report 4-3-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rewrite Extended Research Report 4-3-2 - Essay Example This paper is very important since it talks about a very important subject area of performance evaluation which can as well be implemented at the workplace. Performance evaluation is primarily concerned with measuring progress as well as effectiveness of the human resource which is very important for any organisation. Performance evaluation is also concerned with establishing good communication link between the management and employees. Basically, performance evaluation is meant to create mutual understanding among the members of an organisation in order to improve productivity as the ultimate goal. Performance evaluation is very significant for every organisation since it is meant to contribute positively to the growth and development of business through human efforts towards the attainment of set goals. It is imperative for organisations to ensure that their employees are highly motivated as a way of increasing productivity. Performance evaluation is helpful in that it allows each organisation to identify the areas that need attention and it also allows organisations to set goals that are achievable (Cfstaffing, 2007). Over and above, it can be noted that the main reason why organisations embark on performance evaluation is that they are primarily concerned with achieving set goals through the efforts of human resources. The process of performance evaluation is very important to every business in that priority is given to the needs of the employees who are the main drivers of any given organisation. Motivated workers are productive which positively contributes to the growth of business. Performance evaluations have become an indispensable part of business as a result of their effectiveness in increasing productivity (Abbey, 2007). I am feeling confident that I have a good start for my research report and I believe that I am organizing it in a nice

Price of gold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Price of gold - Essay Example The world market has seen a sharp rise in need of keeping wealth in the form of gold. The increase in demand by business persons and central banks in different regions requires an increase in supply of gold. The demand has not been met with similar supply because of constant factors in the supply chain. The suppliers of gold are not increasing their mining capacities in purchasing additional machineries or identifying new mines. The rise in demand with no rise in supply eventually leads to sharp increase in the prices of gold (Wise 2012). The rises in prices can persist for two years before the supply matches up with the demand through an increase in supply. Different factors make the market supply of gold inelastic limiting on supply capacity of miners. Gold mining is an expensive undertaking that needs investors to put a lot of resource in building crushing and drilling machineries. The massive investment cannot be made in a short time to meet the enormous demand in the market lead ing to a constant supply being made no matter the increase in demand of product in the market. Increase in supply can be made through long-term investment that can extend to 10 years before production begins. The inability of suppliers to respond to forces of demand leaves the market volatility high. The huge numbers of speculators in the market contributes volatility in gold prices. ... The supplier will increase prices because they cannot meet the large demand in the market. The increase in supply price can get to 11% increase with regard to the increase in demand. Announcement of huge releases of gold to the market in large quantity on prediction prices will remain high leads to reduction in prices (Thomas, 2012). The large amount supply with no increase in demand means sharp decreases in prices sometimes totaling to 5% decrease from previous day’s prices. The world gold supply from recycling vendors has seen sharp decrease. People selling their gold ware during the global economic crisis caused the decrease. Statistic have shown recycling supply used to cater for 45% of the world market in 2008. In 2011 recycling source of gold contributed 2% of the world gold supply which was a small proportion compared to the previous 45% supply. The fall in the amount of recycled gold available in the market with demand increase has led to prices increases. This leaves the supply from the mines to cater for 98% of all the demands. Lack of ability by the miners to cater for the 98%has contributed to the volatility leading to a sharp increase in prices of gold (Jeff, 2012). The central banks from different countries were key suppliers of gold to the markets. The banks released large amounts of their gold to the market without making purchases to replenish the dwindling stocks. The exhaustion of gold in their bulk meant that the different countries bank start purchasing the gold in competition with the retail purchasers. The purchasing of gold by the central bank increases demand while their lack of ability to supply creates shortage (BBC, 2011). The two forces of demand and supply lead

Effective Communication Essay Example for Free

Effective Communication Essay Effective communication is an essential part in any leadership position.   Communication is a two-way process that includes articulating your thoughts well and listening to the suggestions and information coming from other people involved.   Its through communication that other people in a company would be apprised of how a particular project is going. In the case of a lead project engineer for Cards4U, to effectively communicate to all people involve in the new card line, the team leader must have an intimate knowledge of the new project.    Once he has all the information he needs, the lead engineer should create a flowchart to ensure efficiency in the execution.   In response to the chief executives request, the flowchart will also help the lead engineer create a good proposal that would showcase the musical cards in the most favorable light. The specific skills that the lead engineer must have to perform the communication aspect of his job efficiently include: having a strong ability to get his message across; open-mindedness; and ability to listen actively. As a team leader for a creative venture, the lead engineer must be able to provide a clear explanation and reason for each of the musical card prototype.   If he cant, he wont be able to sell his ideas to his boss and to prospective clients.   In the same manner, the team leader must also be open-minded about criticisms regarding the new designs. Keeping an open mind would allow him to objectively assess the validity of each comment.   As for having the skill to listen, the lead engineer would greatly benefit if hell take note of verbal and non-verbal messages.   Blair adds that listening also involves asking questions and clarifications and putting yourself in the speakers shoes. References Blair, G. Conversation As Communication. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/art7.html?http://oldeee.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerar d/Management/art7.html Fowler, K. Communication in Your Organization. Mind Tools Ltd. (1995-200). Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/CommunicatingInAnOrganization.htm Communication Skills Confidence (2005). Leadership Skills for Todays World. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.communication-skills-4confidence.com/leadership-skill.html

Developing Expected Forwarded Counter (EFW)

Developing Expected Forwarded Counter (EFW) Abstract Wireless mesh networks have emerged as adaptable and low cost networks. Expected forwarded Counter (EFW) is a cross layer metric introduced to deal with the problem of selfish behaviour in order to provide reliable routing. This paper proposes an enhancement to the EFW, by considering congestion incurred due to selecting only high quality paths. The performance of proposed metric is evaluated through simulation. Simulation results show that overall routing performance is increased in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio. Introduction Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a promising technology for the next generation wireless technologies. The Mesh Networks are self-organized, self-configured and easily adaptable to different traffic requirements and network changes. Routing is a challenge in Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) due to unpredictable variations of the wireless environment. Initially, to select a path with highest delivery rate in wireless mesh network, metrics that capture link quality have been introduced. But, most of these metrics are designed by assuming that each wireless mesh router participates honestly in forwarding process. While this assumption may not be valid in presence of selfish routers which may get profit from not forwarding all traffic. Selfish users utilize the network resources for its own benefit but unwilling to spend for others. Such selfish behavior reduces network delivery reliability. Metrics have been introduced to detect and exclude selfish nodes in a route to destination. These metrics do not consider quality of links, hence cannot select best path from source to destination. Cross layer metrics were used to consider both link quality and selfish behaviour of node [2] in order to select a high performance path. This kind of solutions may cause only high quality to get used and other links will get unused. This will make links to be congested seriously and in turn cause performance degradation. In this paper we propose metric that combines link quality and congestion information from MAC layer and forward reliability of node from routing layer. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section II discusses related work. Section III illustrates proposed work. Section IV presents results obtained through simulating proposed metric in comparison with ETX and EFW. Related work: Several works presented in the recent research literature focus on reliable data transmission in wireless multi hop networks with selfish participants. In recent years, several routing metrics have been proposed to select the path with the highest delivery rate in wireless mesh networks. The essence of all these metrics lies in the selection of reliable network paths, avoiding lossy wireless links prone to transmission errors. Some of these are discussed below. ETX (Expected Transmission Counter): Routing metrics for wireless mesh networks like ETX adopt a probabilistic model to represent the transmission reliability of a wireless link. Specifically, ETX measures the expected number of transmissions, including retransmissions, needed to correctly send a unicast packet over a wireless link. In order to compute ETX, it is necessary to estimate the packet loss probability in both directions since, in wireless networks based on the IEEE 802.11 protocol, the destination must acknowledge each received data frame Let (i, j)be a wireless link established between node i and j;Pij and pji denote the packet loss probability of the wireless link(i, j) in forward and reverse directions separately. The probability of a successful transmission on the wireless link(i, j)can therefore be computed as Ps,ij= (1−pij)(1−pji). Then, the expected number of transmissions necessary to deliver the data packet, considering both its transmission and the successive acknowledgment as required by the IEEE 802.11 protocol, can be evaluated according to expression Despite the purpose of selecting the most reliable paths, ETX does not model accurately the delivery rate of a network link, since it does not consider the forwarding behavior of the nodes that have established that link. In particular, ETX and its derived metrics do not take into account that a selfish node might discard the packet after its correct reception, if it benefits from not forwarding it EFW: To address the problem caused by the dropping behaviour of selfish participants, we combine the link quality measured by the ETX routing metric with the forwarding reliability of a relaying node j by improving the probabilistic model on which ETX is based. Let pd,ij be the dropping probability of a network node j((1−pd,ij)represents its forwarding probability). Since a network node can drop selectively the traffic sent by its neighbours, the dropping probability of any node j is identified both by the sending node i and the relaying node j. The probability that a packet sent through a node j will be successfully forwarded can be computed as pfwd,ij=ps,ij(1−pd,ij).Then, the expected number of transmissions necessary to have the packet successfully forwarded (Expected Forwarding Counter, EFW) can be measured according to the following equation. The first part of equation, which coincides with the ETX metric, considers the quality of the physical and MAC layers, whereas our contribution takes into account the network layer reliability. Therefore, EFW represents a cross-layer metric that models both the physical conditions of the wireless medium and the selfishness of the node with which the link is established. In addition to detecting the misbehaving nodes, the representation of the link reliability provided by the EFW metric permits to use the network paths with the highest delivery performance, without pruning the alternative routes that contain selfish nodes. Proposed work: The disadvantages of this solution are that nodes wanting to transmit packets will attempt to use the same high quality link and cause it congested seriously. And at the same time other links will get unused. MAC layer metric: Our proposed metric is based on the retransmission mechanism in MAC. The first part of this method is the success rate of transmitting frames based on the average number of retransmissions which we call Frame Transmission Efficiency (FTE) [13]. Fig. 1: Illustration of the retransmission mechanism at the MAC Layer The number of retransmissions of RTS and Data frames for each Successful transmission in MAC layer is supposed to represent the quality of that link and congestion instance. The success rate of sending frames is therefore a good estimate of both the quality and congestion of a link. From it the best quality links may be selected. The success rate of each link (FTE) is updated when a node forwards a Data packet to its neighbour and passes it up to the routing protocol. ACK Failure Count denotes the number of Data retransmission and RTS Failure Count denotes the number of RTS retransmission. The kth packet will send from Node S to Node D. The number of retransmission is assumed as Failure (k) and denotes below: Failure (k) = ACK Failure Count (k) + RTS Failure Count (k) (j) Thus FTE (k) between Node S and Node D is formulized as equation (4). It reflects the link quality and congestion situation of links. FTE (k) = We are using this frame transmission efficiency to represent link quality and congestion. It is MAC layer information. From routing layer we consider forward probability estimation. In cross layer fashion we combine information from both MAC and Routing layer to obtain congestion aware EFW. It is computed as follows Enhanced EFW or congestion aware EFW= Simulation Simulation scenario We performed simulations with NCTUns6.0 simulator that evaluates performance of the metric in comparison with EFW using OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol. Performance Evaluation: To evaluate the performance of proposed metric in comparison with existing metrics ETX and EFW, the following variables are analysed Throughput Packet Delivery Rate Drop Rate From fig1. We can observe that the proposed metric has more throughput than the other routing metrics in wireless mesh networks. By this we can understand that the proposed metric selects better path in presence of selfish nodes in comparison with other metrics. From fig2. It seems that congestion aware EFW has more packet delivery rate when compared with other metrics. Conclusion: In this paper we introduced an enhancement to existing cross layer metric called Expected forward counter (EFW). In this metric we replaced link quality metric obtained from ETX metric with Frame Transfer Efficiency (FTE) metric which considers not only link quality but also congestion of link. As the proposed metric in cross layer fashion combines MAC layer observations of link quality and congestion with routing layer observations of forward probability estimation, it gives better performance in comparison with ETX and EFW metrics. Simulations results show that routing performance of OSPF in terms of throughput, packet delivery rate and drop rate has been improved in proposed metric. References: S. Paris, C. Nita-Rotaru, F.Martignon, and A. Capone, †Cross-Layer Metrics for Reliable Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks â€Å", in proc. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 21, NO. 3, JUNE 2013. N. Nandiraju, D. Nandiraju, L. Santhanam, B. He, J. Wang, and D.P. Agrawal, â€Å"Wireless mesh networks: Current challenges and future directions of web-in-the-sky,† IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 79–89, Aug. 2007. S. Paris, C. Nita-Rotaru, F.Martignon, and A. Capone, â€Å"EFW: A cross layer metric for reliable routing in wireless mesh networks with selfish participants,† in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Apr. 2011, pp. 576–580 D.S.J De Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, and R. Morris. A High-Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing. Wireless Networks, 2005. D. Johnson and G. Hancke, â€Å"Comparison of two routing metrics in OLSR on grid based mesh network,† Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 7, no. 2,pp. 374–387, 2009. Da Guo, Jun Li, Mei Song, Junde Song,â€Å"A Novel Cross-Layer Routing Algorithm in Wireless Mesh Network† in the proc. of IEEE International Conference 2007,pp 1-3,vol-07. Golnaz Karbaschi, A Link-Quality and Congestion aware Cross layer Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing.2nd IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems Washington, DC USA November 2005. M.E.M.Campista, P. M. Esposito, I.M.Moraes,L.H. M. Costa,O. C.M. Duarte, D. G. Passos, C. V. N. de Albuquerque, D. C.M. Saade, and M. G. Rubinstein, â€Å"Routing metrics and protocols for wireless mesh networks,† IEEE Netw., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 6–12, Jan.–Feb. 2008. OSPF

Fear in Wordsworths My heart leaps up when I behold, We Are Seven, Tin

Fear in Wordsworth's My heart leaps up when I behold, We Are Seven, Tintern Abbey, and Resolution and Independence Fear in Wordsworth's "My heart leaps up when I behold", "We Are Seven", "Tintern Abbey", and "Resolution and Independence" Romantic poetry conjures in the mind of many people images of sweet, pastoral landscapes populated by picturesque citizens who live in quaint houses in rustic villages, with sheep grazing on green-swathed hills, while a young swain plights his troth to his fair young maiden, who reclines demurely amidst the clover and smiles sunnily. William Wordsworth is perhaps the archetypal Romantic poet; his most famous poem, "I wandered lonely as a cloud", would seem on first reading to support the traditional, one could say stereotypical, image of a Romantic poet. Even his name, Words-worth, reinforces that image. And yet, upon looking more closely and carefully at his works, it becomes clear that the emotions which motivate his creativity are not solely a love of nature and pastorality. Let us consider Wordsworth's "My heart leaps up when I behold". The poem can be interpreted on a very simple level as a typical Romantic poem: there is the glorying in and of nature that most people immediately think of when Romantic poetry is mentioned. The speaker is thrilled when he sees a rainbow, he was thrilled in his youth when he saw a rainbow, and when he is old he will continue to be thrilled by seeing a rainbow; if he cannot be thrilled, he would rather be dead. The speaker's life has a kind of continuity, of stability, through the process of memory. The reader can wipe away a tear and mumble "Isn't that nice?", and switch on Three's Company; this interpretation affirms our sense of what poets should fee... ...rom finding "In that decrepit Man so firm a mind" (line 145), finding, however temporarily, a source of courage against his fears (lines 146-147): 'God,' said I, 'be my help and stay secure; I'll think of the Leech-gatherer on the lonely moor.' Works Cited All quotations are taken from the following book, references given parenthetically within the text: Stephen Gill, editor. The Oxford Authors: William Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. o "The Idiot Boy", pp. 67-80 o "Michael", pp. 224-236 o "My heart leaps up when I behold", pp. 246-247 o "Resolution and Independence", pp. 260-264 o "Tintern Abbey", pp. 131-135 o "We Are Seven", p. 84 except, where indicated by "Coleridge", from: Donald A. Stauffer, editor. Selected Poetry and Prose of Coleridge. Random House: New York, 1951. o "Dejection: An Ode", pp. 78-82

Otello Aslam Essay -- Character Analysis, Lago

Othello â€Å"When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves† as Victor Frankl once explained, that it is our environment that makes us who we are. And if we don't like who we have become, than we have to change ourselves to change the environment we are in. In Shakespeare's Othello, the order and disorder of the setting parallels the order and disorder of Iago's character. The story begins in Venice where Iago's character is parallel to the setting that is â€Å"orderly [and] law-binding†, of the city where the society is peaceful. Iago's charter reflects the current setting, since Iago has not yet caused any problems. He is acting orderly, like when he did not get the promotion, Iago simply said â€Å"there’s no remedy† (). Which develops his character as a peaceful person,because he simply accepted Othello's decision and dose not fight back or go against it. Thus reflecting the setting, because just like the setting Iago is acting orderly and peaceful. Not only did Iago not fight back when he did not receive the promotion, he also questioned himself â€Å"weather I in any.. term am affined to love [the] Moor† (1.1.40). By Iago questioning himself, it shows that Iago is being civil, because he is not attacking Othello, or hating Othello right away for not promoting him. Instead he is making a decision through thinking logi cally weather or not he likes Othello. So like the orderly setting of Venice, Iago’s character is the same because by thickening through the options you have before making a decision represents order since the decision will have reason behind it. Furthermore, Iago not only thought through his decisions while in the tranquil city of Venice, but he also provided security for Ro... ...arter thorough violence when â€Å"[h]e stabs Rodrigo† (5.1.61). Thus Iago’s character reflects the setting, since anger leads to violence because both anger and violence are directly related to each other. Also because it is our anger that causes us to become over passionate which causes us not to behave in order, casing us to commit violent acts . In short the new chaotic and tense,setting parallels with Iago’s character. Since Iago, stirs conflict between people, murders Rodrigo which reflects both a chaotic and tense environment. Altogether, in the story Othello, as the setting changed from orderly, to unpleasant, and to chaotic, Iago's character reflected the setting each time. As his character also changed through the story, from being orderly in Venice to finally becoming violent in Cyprus. Thus Iago’s character is parallel with the setting.

How I Became Hettie Jones with Two Secondary Sources…

How I Became Hettie Jones. The skin color of a person used to be a big issue in America, which appeared to have been resolved; however, it is still a big issue today. Although there is no longer slavery, a number of people continue to act in a racist fashion. They pass on these thoughts of prejudice and racism to their children, who then pass it on to their children and so forth, therefore it becomes extremely difficult to prevent it. Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. There are still numerous stereotypes that can be associated with a person's skin color.Stereotypes are regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type. However, there is not only prejudice towards the black community, but also a prejudice against the white community. Hettie Jones tells the story of her life as an unconventional woman during the 50s and 60s, struggling to find her place and role in the world in New York City during the Be at generation. She was originally born as Hettie Cohen. This changed after meeting a fellow employee destined to become her spouse. She knew that their romance would cause criticism and discomfort with some people, as any interracial romances with â€Å"Negros† would at the time.He simply had too much going for him, being a â€Å"warm, funny, voluble, tender, wildly ambitious, supremely confident†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hettie became pregnant twice, one child aborted, the other she kept as the two wed. Both of their parents were simply heartbroken to hear about them being together. Ultimately however, the Jones family gave Hettie acceptance, welcoming a white daughter-in-law to the family. As for Hettie Jones, she did not consider herself white, because she didn't know what that meant anyways which is the reason that made her marry a black person even if everybody around her gave her weird looks.She quoted â€Å" For being someone these people could not influence, or hold, forgive me , but this is America†¦.. Sometimes you have to go on the road. †(62). But after their first major fight, during which Roi slaps her, Hettie notes, â€Å"Do you see race in this? Have you forgotten? It would get worse. † Many years and two children later, it does: under the influence of the Black Power movement, Roi grows increasingly ambivalent about the fact of his wife's race, finally refusing to take her to the opening of his play, Dutchman.The marriage, mirroring the times, dissolves; as Jones notes: â€Å"It fit right in with dissolving black-white political alliances. † In Andrew Hacker's book, Two Nations:Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. Hacker argues that blacks and whites live in two different worlds. Hacker believes that race plays a larger role in America than it does anywhere else in the world. The title has many sources and foreshadows some of the conclusions he makes in the book. The â€Å"Two Nations†being discussed are the White nation and the African-American (Black) nation.It has been said many times in history that the two major races in this country have been separate, hostile and unequal. This book is Hacker's opinion as to the real dimensions of race and how it controls lives and divides society. The integration issue was raised in the chapter of the book: Being Black in America. In thischapter, the author tries to describe in detail what an African-American goes through and has to deal with simply because of the color of his/her skin.Hacker illustrates how black people feel they are looked at and treated by white America. He seems to really want to stress to white people that they should try to see things from a black perspective. He wants whites to try to imagine what it is like to have a stigma attached to you because of the color of your skin. He talks about issues that range from housing, to police, to their family structure, to blatant discrimination, to having to explain and defend thems elves (and sometimes all blacks in general) intellectually to white people.

The Emerging Concept of Disposition in Education

In the article written by Renee L. Taylor and M. Mark Wasicsko entitled â€Å"The Disposition to Teach†, it is state that there is an emerging concern for the role that disposition plays in being an effective teacher (2000). By effective, the authors mean a dynamic and well-rounded human being that can bring changes to the lives of people through education and learning and is also a master of the methods in teaching (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000).On the other hand, the term disposition is that which means to be the â€Å"personal qualities or characteristics that are possessed by individuals, including attitudes, beliefs, interests, appreciation, values, and mode of adjustment† (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000). It can be concluded that disposition has a relationship with level of effectiveness in teaching. Moreover, Taylor and Wasicsko enumerated different dispositions that are related to effectiveness in teaching (2000). The authors made a review of the past literature regardi ng dispositions and compiled these qualities in the text.They are concerned with relationships with peers, students, views on teaching, views on students, views on self, interpersonal relations, and intrapersonal relations (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000). However, an effective tool for measurement is yet to be determined that will add to those being used as of the moment such as student teacher journals for preservice teachers, Perceptual Rating Scales, written human relations incidents, and interviews (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000).Moreover, there is an on-going call for the dispositions related to effective education to be introduced in educational learning institutions, one of which is in the University of Northern Iowa and other Iowa colleges are starting to follow (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000). Inevitably, the role of disposition as related to effective teaching will have an impact in initial certification programs. Valid and reliable criteria and predictors of disposition that are rela ted to effective teaching will have to be formulated, examined, and reformulated to ensure that these dispositions will lead to effective behaviors in teaching.With this, initial certification programs will have to put more emphasis on disposition of incoming teachers, still along with intellect and skills. It can be observed that even the most intelligent teacher may turn out to be the worst without the desired aspects of disposition and skills. The right mix of intelligence, skills, and disposition has to be identified and this will have to be incorporated in the initial certification programs for teachers. Moreover, human beings are created uniquely and each one will carry a different set of attitudes and beliefs.These attitudes and beliefs that a person possesses govern the actions that he/she might elicit towards the environment. Thus, no one persons can be considered perfect and will be able to possess all of the desired traits, attitudes, and beliefs as listed in the studies conducted regarding disposition. It is however, to be noted, that a lot of people will possess at least a portion of these traits, attitudes, and beliefs to become an effective teacher. The keyword to be remembered is the ability to adopt changes and the quality of being flexible.The ability to change one’s disposition to become an effective teacher should start at an early stage. As the article of Taylor and Wasicsko shows, it is already being introduced to education students in the University of Norther Iowa and other colleges in Iowa (2000). The research on dispositions has to be refined to be able to use this in theory and in practice. For preservice teachers, it is necessary for them to adopt desired traits, attitudes, and beliefs early in their careers in addition to their inherent disposition to become effective teachers.This is a good foundation for their career path as educators because it is important to be able to start with the necessary qualities. For the practic ing educator, there is the need to constantly hone personal disposition to meet the changing and growing trends in educating the society. The study of disposition is a growing part of the field of education. More research has to be done and persistent inculcation of the new-found theories is to be applied into practice to contribute to effective teaching.